next up previous
Up: Understanding and predicting ENSO Previous: The Next Four

References

1
Adams, R.M., K.J. Bryant, B.A. McCarl, D.M. Legler, J.J. O'Brien, A. Solow, and R. Weiher, The value of improved long-range weather information: Southeastern U.S. ENSO forecasts as they influence U.S. agriculture, Contemporary Economic Policy, in press, April, 1995.

2
Bahner-Benedict, Weather, US-EC clash affect oils mart, in Chemical Marketing Reporter, 242, 20, 1992.

3
Barnett, T.P., L. Dumenil, U. Schlese, E. Roeckner and M. Latif, The effect of Eurasian snow cover on regional and global climate variations, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 661-685, 1989.

4
Barnett, T. P., M. Latif, E. Kirk and E. Roeckner, On ENSO physics, J. Climate, 4, 487-515, 1991.

5
Barnett, T.P., L. Bengtsson, K. Arpe, M. Flugel, N. Graham, M. Latif, J. Ritchie, E. Roeckner, U. Schlese, U. Schulzweida, and M. Tyree, Forecasting global ENSO-related climate anomalies, Tellus, 46, 381-397, 1994.

6
Barnston, A.G., H.M. Van den Dool, S.E. Zebiak, T.P. Barnett, M. Ji, D.R. Rodenhuis, M.A. Cane, A. Leetmaa, N.E. Graham, C.R. Ropelewski, V. E. Kousky, E.A. O'Lenic, and R.E. Livezey: Long-lead seasonal forecasts---where do we stand?, Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 75, 2097-2114, 1994.

7
Battisti, D.S., and A.C. Hirst, Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphere-ocean system: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry, and nonlinearity, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712, 1989.

8
Bengtsson, L., U. Schlese, E. Roeckner, M. Latif, T.P. Barnett, and N. Graham, A two-tiered approach to climate forecasting, Science, 261, 1026-1029, 1993.

9
Blumenthal, M.B., Predictability of a coupled atmosphere-ocean model, J. Climate, 4, 766-784, 1991.

10
Cane, M.A., S.E. Zebiak, and S.C. Dolan, Experimental forecasts of El Niño, Nature, 321, 827-832, 1986.

11
Cane, M.A., and E.S. Sarachik, co-Chairpersons of The Provisional Working Group, Prospectus: A TOGA Program on Seasonal to Interannual Prediction, NOAA Climate and Global Change Program Special Report No. 4, UCAR Productions, 46 pp., 1991.

12
Chang, P., B. Wang, T. Li, and L. Ji, Interactions between the seasonal cycle and ENSO-frequency entrainment and chaos in a coupled atmosphere-ocean model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, No. 25, 2817-2820, 1994.

13
Chen, D., S. E. Zebiak, A. J. Busalacchi and M. A. Cane, An improved Procedure for El Niño Forecasting, submitted to Science, 1995.

14
Clarke, A.J. and B. Li, On the timing of warm and cold El Niño/Southern Oscillation Events, in press, J. Climate, 1994.

15
Cole, J.E., and R.G. Fairbanks, The Southern Oscillation recorded in the of corals from Tarawa Atoll, Paleoceanography, 5, 669-683, 1990.

16
Cole, J.E., R.G. Fairbanks, and G.T. Shen, Recent variability in the Southern Oscillation: isotopic results from a Tarawa Atoll coral, Science, 260, 1790-1793, 1993.

17
Farrell, B.F., Small error dynamics and the predictability of atmospheric flows, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2409-2416, 1990.

18
Gent, P.R. and M.A. Cane, A reduced gravity, primitive equation model of the upper equatorial ocean, J. Computational Phys., 81, 444-480, 1989.

19
Gill, A.E., Elements of coupled ocean-atmosphere models for the tropics, Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models, edited by J.C.J. Nihoul, Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser., 40, pp. 303-327, Amsterdam, 1985.

20
Glanz, M.H., R.W. Katz and N. Nicholls (Eds.), Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies, 535 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.

21
Glynn, P.W. (Ed.), Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 563 pp., Elsevier Oceanography Series No. 52, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, 1990.

22
Goswami, B.N. and J. Shukla, Predictability of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, J. Climate, 4, 107-115, 1991.

23
Graham, N., Experimental predictions of wet season precipitation in Northeastern Brazil, Proc. of the Climate Diagnostics Workshop of 1993, in press, 1994.

24
Graham, N., and Barnett, T.P., ENSO and ENSO related predictability. Part II: Northern hemisphere 700 millibar height predictions based on a hybrid coupled ENSO model, J. Climate, submitted, 1994.

25
Graham, N., T.P. Barnett, M.A. Cane and S.E. Zebiak, Simulated greenhouse warming and model ENSO cycles, SIO Ref. Series, 94-04., 17 pp., 1994.

26
Hastenrath, S., Prediction of Northeast Brazil Rainfall Anomalies, J. Climate, 3, 893-904, 1990.

27
Hayes, S. P., L. J. Mangum, J. Picaut, A. Sumi and K. Takeuchi, TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 72, 339-347, 1991.

28
Hirst, A.C., Unstable and damped equatorial modes in simple coupled ocean-atmosphere models, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 606-630, 1986.

29
Hirst, A.C., Slow instabilities in tropical ocean basin-global atmosphere models, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 830-852, 1988.

30
Hunt, B.G., S.E. Zebiak and M.A. Cane: Experimental predictions of climatic variability for lead times of twelve months, International Journal of Climatology, 14, 507-526, 1993.

31
Jin, F.-F., and D. S. Neelin, Modes of interannual tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction---a unified view. Part I: Numerical results, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3477-3503, 1993a.

32
Jin, F.-F, and D. S. Neelin, Modes of interannual tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction---a unified view. Part III: Analytical results in fully-coupled cases, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3523-3540, 1993b.

33
Jin, F.-F., J.D. Neelin, and M. Ghil, El Niño on the Devil's Staircase: Annual subharmonic steps to chaos, Science, 264, 70-72, 1994.

34
Jordan, R.S., Impact of ENSO events on the southeastern Pacific region with special reference to the interaction of fishing and climate variability, in Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies, edited by M.H. Glantz, R.W. Katz, and N. Nicholls, pp. 401-430, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.

35
Kessler, W.S., Can reflected extra-equatorial Rossby waves drive ENSO?, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 444-452, 1990.

36
Knutson, T.R., and S. Manabe, The impact of increased CO on ENSO-like phenomena in a coupled ocean-atmosphere system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2295-2298, 1994.

37
Koeberle, and S.G.H. Philander, Seasonal Variations of sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Tellus, 46, 481-496, 1994.

38
Lagos, P., and J. Buizer, El Niño and Peru: A nation's response to interannual climate variability, in Natural and Technological Disasters: Causes, Effects, and Preventative Measures, edited by S.K. Majumdar, G.S. Forbes, E.W. Miller, and R.F. Schmaltz, pp. 223-238, The Pensylvania Academy of Science, 1992.

39
Latif, M., A. Sterl, E. Maier-Reimer and M. M. Junge, Climate variability in a coupled GCM. Part I: The tropical Pacific, J. Climate, 6, 5-21, 1993.

40
Latif, M., T.P. Barnett, M.A. Cane, M. Flugel, N.E. Graham, H. von Storch, J.-S. Xu, and S.E. Zebiak, A review of ENSO prediction studies, Climate Dynamics, 9, 167-179, 1994.

41
Lau, N.-C., S. G. H. Philander and M. J. Nath, Simulation of
[4] El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon with a low-resolution coupled general circulation model of the global ocean and atmosphere, J. Climate, 5, 284-307, 1992.

42
Lea, D.W., G.T. Shen and E.A. Boyle, Coralline barium records temporal variability in equatorial Pacific upwelling, Nature, 340, 373-6, 1989.

43
Leetmaa, A., and M. Ji, Operational hindcasting of the Tropical Pacific, Dyn. Atmos. Ocean., 13, 465-490, 1989.

44
Legrand, M., and C. Feniet-Saigne, Methanesulfonic acid in south polar snow layers: a record of strong El Niño?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 187-190, 1991.

45
Li, B., and A.J. Clarke, An examination of some ENSO mechanisms using interannual sea level at the eastern and western equatorial boundaries and the zonally averaged equatorial wind, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 681-690, 1994.

46
Mantua, N.J., Numerical Modeling Studies of the El
[4] Niño/Southern Oscillation, 139 pp., Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, pp. 139, June 1994.

47
Mantua, N.J. and D.S. Battisti, Evidence for the delayed oscillator mechanism for ENSO: The ``observed'' oceanic Kelvin mode in the far western Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 691-699, 1994a.

48
Mantua, N.J. and D.S. Battisti, Aperiodic variability in the Zebiak-Cane coupled ocean-atmosphere model: ocean-atmosphere interactions in the western equatorial Pacific, revised, J. Climate, 1994b.

49
Mass, C.F. and D.A. Portman, Major volcanic eruptions and climate: a critical evaluation, J. Climate, 2, 566-593, 1989.

50
McWilliams, J.C. and P.R. Gent, The wind-driven ocean circulation with an isopycnal-thickness mixing parameterization, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 46-65, 1994.

51
Mechoso, C.R., A.W. Robertson, N. Barth, M.K. Davey, P. Delecluse, P.R. Gent, S. Ineson, B. Kirtman, M. Latif, H. Le Treut, T. Nagai, J.D. Neelin, S.G.H. Philander, J. Polcher, P.S. Schopf, T. Stockdale, M.J. Suarez, L. Terray, O. Thual and J.J. Tribia, The seasonal cycle over the tropical Pacific in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models, in press, Mon. Weather Rev., 1995.

52
Meehl, G.A., G.W. Branstator, W.M. Washington, Tropical Pacific interannual variability and CO climate change, J. Climate, 6, 42-63, 1993.

53
Miller, K.A., and D.L. Fluharty, El Niño and variability in the northeastern Pacific salmon fishery: implications for coping with climate change, in Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Fisheries, edited by M.H. Glantz, pp. 49-88, Cambridge University Press, 1992.

54
Mitchell, T.P, and J.M. Wallace, The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature, J. Climate, 5, 1140-1156, 1992.

55
Mo, K.C., and E. Kalnay, Impact of sea surface temperature anomalies on skill of monthly forecasts, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 2771-2793, 1993.

56
Moura, A., and the Task Group, International Research Institute for Climate Prediction: A Proposal. Available from the NOAA/Office of Global Programs, 1100 Wayne Ave., Suite 1225, Silver spring, MD., 20910, 1992.

57
Moura, A.D, Prospects for seasonal-to-interannual climate prediction and applications for sustainable development. World Meterological Society Bulletin, 43, 207-215, 1994.

58
Munnich, M, M.A. Cane and S.E. Zebiak, A study of self-excited oscillations of the tropical ocean-atmosphere system. II. Nonlinear cases, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1238-1248, 1991.

59
Nagai, T., T. Tokioka, M. Endoh and Y. Kitamura, El Niño/Southern Oscillation simulated in an MRI atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, J. Climate, 5, 1202-1233, 1992.

60
National Research Council, Ocean-Atmosphere Observations Supporting Short-Term Climate Predictions, 51 pp., National Academy Press, Washington, 1994.

61
Neelin, J.D., and F.-F. Jin, Modes of interannual tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction--a unified view. Part II: Analytical results in the weak-coupling limit, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3504-3522, 1993.

62
Neelin, J.D., M. Latif and F.-F Jin, Dynamics of Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models: The Tropical Problem, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 26, 617-659, 1994.

63
Ng, M.K.F., and W.W. Hsieh, The equatorial Kelvin wave in finite difference models, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14173-14185, 1994.

64
Penland, C., and T. Magorian, Prediction of Niño 3 Sea Surface Temperatures using linear inverse modeling, J. Climate, 6, 107-176, 1993.

65
Penland, C., and P.D. Sardeshmukh, The optimal growth of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies, in press, J. Climate, 1995.

66
Philander, S.G.H., T.Yamagata, and R.C. Pacanowski, Unstable air-sea interactions in the tropics, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 604-613, 1984.

67
Philander, S.G.H., R.C. Pacanowski, N.C. Lau, and M.J. Nath, A simulation of the Southern Oscillation with a global atmospheric GCM coupled to a high-resolution, tropical Pacific Ocean GCM, J. Climate, 5, 308-329, 1992.

68
Rasmusson, E.M., and T.H. Carpenter, Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 354-384, 1982.

69
Rasmusson, E.M., and J.M. Wallace, Meteorological aspects of the El Ninõ/Southern Oscillation, Science, 222, 1195-1202, 1983.

70
Robertson, A.W., C.-C. Ma, M. Ghil, and C.R. Mechoso, Simulation of the Tropical Pacific climate with a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Part II: Interannual variability, J. Climate, in press (April), 1995.

71
Ropelewski, C.F., and M.S. Halpert, Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El
[4] Niño/Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 2352-2362, 1987.

72
Rosati, A., K. Miyakoda, and R. Gudgel, The impact of ocean initial conditions on ENSO forecasting with a coupled model, in press, Mon. Weather Rev., 1995.

73
Shen, G.T., L.J. Linn, T.M. Campbell, J.E. Cole and R.G. Fairbanks, A chemical indicator of trade wind reversal in corals from the western tropical Pacific, J. Geoph. Res., 97, 12689-12697, 1992a.

74
Shen, G.T., J.E. Cole, D.W. Lea, L.J. Linn, T.A. McConnaughey, and R.G. Fairbanks, Surface ocean variability at Galapagos from 1936-1982: calibration of geochemical tracers in corals, Paleoceanography, 7, 563-588, 1992b.

75
Simpson, H.J., M.A. Cane, S.K. Lin, S.E. Zebiak and A.L. Herczeg, Forecasting annual discharge of River Murray, Australia, from a geophysical model of ENSO, J. Climate, 6, 386-390, 1993.

76
Stahle, D.W., and M.K. Cleaveland, Southern Oscillation extremes reconstructed from tree rings of the Sierra Madre Occidental and southern Great Plains, J. Climate, 6, 129-140, 1993.

77
Suarez M.J., and P.S. Schopf, A delayed action oscillator for ENSO, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3283-3287, 1988.

78
Tziperman, E., L. Stone, M. Cane, and H. Jarosh, El Niño chaos: overlapping of resonances between the seasonal cycle and the Pacific ocean-atmosphere oscillator, Science, 264, 72-74, 1994.

79
Wakata, Y., and E.S. Sarachik, On the role of equatorial ocean modes in the ENSO cycle. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 434-443, 1991.

80
Wakata, Y., and E.S. Sarachik, Unstable coupled atmosphere-ocean basin modes in the presence of a spatially varying basic state, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2060-2077, 1992.

81
Wallace, J.M., El Niño and climate prediction, Reports to the Nation on our Changing Planet, No. 3, 25 pp., UCAR, Boulder CO, 1994.

82
Webster, P.J., and S. Yang, Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems, Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 118, 877-926, 1992.

83
Xie, S.-P., Interaction between the annual and interannual variations in the equatorial Pacific, in press, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1995.

84
Xue, Y., M. A. Cane, S. E. Zebiak and M. B. Blumenthal, On the prediction of ENSO: A study with a low order Markov model, Tellus, 46, 512-528, 1994.

85
Yamagata, T., Stability of a simple air-sea coupled model in the tropics, in Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models, edited by J.C.J. Nihoul, pp. 637-657, Elsevier Oceanography Series No. 40, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985.

86
Zebiak, S.E. and M.A. Cane, A model El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 2262-2278, 1987.

87
Zebiak, S.E., On the 30-60 day oscillation and the prediction of El Niño, J. Climate, 2, 1381-1387, 1989.

  
Figure: Anomaly correlations, plotted as a function of initialization month and forecast lead time, for six-month ensemble NINO3 forecasts from January 1970 through December 1990 from the Zebiak and Cane [1987] numerical model. Figure from Xue et al. [1994]. NINO3 is defined as the area averaged SST anomaly, from 5S to 5N, 150W to 90W. The March isoline is indicated by the heavy dashed line.



U.S. National Report to IUGG, 1991-1994
Rev. Geophys. Vol. 33 Suppl., © 1995 American Geophysical Union