next up previous
Up: Application of satellite altimetry Previous: 8. Conclusions and

References

1
Arnault, S. and R.E. Cheney, Tropical Atlantic sea level variability from Geosat (1985--1989), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18207--18223, 1994.

2
Arnault, S., Y. Menard and J. Merle, Observing the Tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1986--1987 from Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C10), 17921--17945, 1990.

3
Arnault, S., L. Gourdeau, and Y. Menard, Comparison of the Altimetric Signal with In Situ Measurements in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 39(3/4), 481--499, 1992 a.

4
Arnault, S., A. Morliere, J. Merle and Y. Menard, Low-frequency variability of the Tropical Atlantic surface topography: altimetry and models comparison, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14259--14288, 1992 b.

5
Behringer, D.W., Sea surface height variations in the Atlantic Ocean: A comparison of TOPEX altimeter data with results from an ocean data assimilation system, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24685--24690, 1994.

6
Bennett, A.F., Inverse Methods in Physical Oceanography, 346 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.

7
Berry, P.J. and J.C. Marshall, Ocean modeling studies in support of altimetry, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 13, 269--300, 1989.

8
Bertiger, W. and 19 co-authors, GPS Precise Tracking of Topex/Poseidon: Results and Implications, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24449--24464, 1994.

9
Bhaskaran, S., G.S. Lagerloef, G.H. Born, W.J. Emery and R.R. Leben, Variability in the Gulf of Alaska from Geosat Altimetry Data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16311--16330, 1993.

10
Bisagni, J.J., Ocean surface topography measured by the Geosat radar altimeter during the Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 22087--22099, 1991.

11
Blaha, J. and B. Lunde, Calibrating Altimetry to Geopotential Anomaly and Isotherm Depths in the Western North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C5), 7465--7478, 1992.

12
Blayo, E., J. Verron, and J.M. Molines, Assimilation of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data into a circulation model of the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24691--24705, 1994.

13
Born, G.H., B.D. Tapley, J.C. Ries and R.H. Stewart, Accurate Measurement of Mean Sea Level Changes by Altimetric Satellites, J. Geophys. Res., 91(C10), 11775--11782, 1986.

14
Born, G.H., J.L. Mitchell and G.A. Heyler, Geosat ERM---Mission Design, J. Astron. Sci., 35(2), 119--134, 1987.

15
Bourles, B., S. Arnault and C. Provost, Towards Altimetric Data Assimilation in a Tropical Atlantic Model, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C12), 20271--20284, 1992.

16
Brown, O. and R.E. Cheney, Advances in Satellite Oceanography, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21, 1216--1230, 1983.

17
Busalacchi, A.J., M.J. McPhaden, and J. Picaut, Variability in equatorial Pacific sea surface topography during the verification phase of the TOPEX/POSEIDON mission, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24725--24738, 1994.

18
Bruce, J.G., D.R. Johnson and J.C. Kindle, Evidence for eddy formation in the eastern Arabian Sea during the northeast monsoon, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7651--7664, 1994.

19
Carnes, M.R., J.L. Mitchell and P.W. de Witt, Synthetic Temperature Profiles Derived from Geosat Altimetry: Comparison with Air-dropped Expendable Bathythermograph Profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 17979--17992, 1990.

20
Carton, J.A., Estimates of Sea Level in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean Using Geosat Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 94(C6), 8029--8039, 1989.

21
Carton, J.A. and E.J. Katz, Estimates of the Zonal Slope and the Seasonal Transport of the Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 3091--3100, 1990.

22
Carton, J.A., G.A. Chepurin, G.K. Korotaev and Tong Zhu, Comparisons of Dynamic Height Variations in the Tropical Atlantic During 1987--1989 as Viewed in Sections Hydrography and Geosat Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C8), 14369--14378, 1993.

23
Cartwright, D.E., and R.D. Ray, Oceanic tides from Geosat altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3069--3090, 1990.

24
Chao, Y., D. Halpern and C. Perigaud, Sea Surface Height Variability During 1986--1988 in the Tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C4), 6947--6959, 1993.

25
Chelton, D.B., WOCE/NASA Altimeter Algorithm Workshop, U.S. WOCE Tech. Rpt. No. 2, 70 pp., US Planning Office for WOCE, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 1988.

26
Chelton, D.B. and M.G. Schlax, The resolution capability of an irregularly sampled dataset: with application to Geosat altimeter data, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 11, 534--550, 1994.

27
Chelton, D.B., M.G. Schlax, D.L. Witter and J.G. Richman, Geosat Altimeter Observations of the Surface Circulation of the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C10), 17877--17903, 1990.

28
Cheney, R.E. and B.C. Douglas, Geographically Correlated Orbit Error in Altimetric Sea Level Time Series, in Proceedings of the WOCE/NASA Altimeter Algorithm Workshop, edited by D.B. Chelton, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1988.

29
Cheney, R.E. and J.L. Lillibridge, ERS-1 fast delivery altimeter data for tropical ocean monitoring, EOS Trans. AGU, 74 (14), 84, 1992.

30
Cheney, R.E. and L. Miller, Mapping the 1986--1987 El Niño with Geosat Altimeter data, EOS Trans. AGU, 69(31), 754--755, 1988.

31
Cheney, R.E. and L. Miller, Recovery of the Sea Level Signal in the Western Tropical Pacific from Geosat Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 2977--2984, 1990.

32
Cheney, R.E., B.C. Douglas and L. Miller, Evaluation of Geosat Altimeter Data with Application to Tropical Pacific Sea Level Variability, J. Geophys. Res., 94(C4), 4737--4747, 1989.

33
Cheney, R.E., W.J. Emery, B.J. Haines and F. Wentz, Recent improvements in Geosat altimeter data, EOS Trans. AGU, 72 (51), 577--580,1991.

34
Cheney, R.E., W.J. Emery, B.J. Haines and F. Wentz, Recent improvements in Geosat altimeter data, EOS Trans. AGU, 72 (51), 577--580,1991.

35
De Mey, P., Synoptic Estimates of an Eddy Field in the North Atlantic Current, Oceanologica Acta. 15(5), 537--544, 1992.

36
De Mey, P. and Y. Menard, Synoptic Analysis and Dynamical Adjustment of Geos 3 and Seasat Altimeter Eddy Fields in the Northwest Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6221--6230, 1989.

37
De Mey, P. and A.R. Robinson, Assimilation of Altimeter Eddy Fields Into a Limited-Area Quasi-Geostrophic Model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17(12), 2280--2293, 1987.

38
Delcroix, T., J. Picaut and G. Eldin, Equatorial Kelvin and Rossby Waves Evidenced in the Pacific Ocean through Geosat Sea-Level and Surface-Current Anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3249--362, 1991.

39
Denker, H. and R.H. Rapp, Geodetic and Oceanographic Results from the Analysis of One Year of Geosat Data, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C8), 13151--13168, 1990.

40
Didden, N. and F. Schott, Seasonal Variations in the Western Tropical Atlantic: Surface Circulation from Geosat Altimetry and WOCE Model Results, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C3), 3529--3542, 1992.

41
Didden, N. and F. Schott, Eddies in the North Brazil Current retroflection region observed by Geosat altimeter data, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C11), 20121--20131, 1993.

42
Dombrowski, E. and P. De Mey, Continuous assimilation in an open domain of the northeast Atlantic 1. Methodology and application to AthenA-88, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9719--9731, 1992.

43
Douglas, B.C. and R.E. Cheney, Geosat: Beginning a New Era in Satellite Oceanography, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 2833--2836, 1990.

44
Douglas, B.C., D.C. McAdoo, and R.E. Cheney, Oceanographic and geophysical applications of satellite altimetry, Rev. Geophys., 25, 875--880, 1987.

45
du Penhoat, Y., T. Delcroix and J. Picaut, Interpretation of Kelvin/Rossby Waves in the Equatorial Pacific from Model-Geosat Data Intercomparison During the 1986--1987 El Niño, Oceanologica Acta. 15(5), 545--554, 1992.

46
Egbert, G., A. Bennett and M. Foreman, Topex/Poseidon Tides, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24821--24852, 1994.

47
Emery, W.J., G.H. Born, D.G. Baldwin and C.L. Norris, Satellite-derived Water Vapor Corrections for Geosat Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2953--2964, 1990.

48
Ezer, T. and G.L. Mellor, Continuous assimilation of Geosat altimeter data into a three-dimensional primitive equation Gulf Stream model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 832--847, 1994.

49
Ezer, T., G.L. Mellor, D-S. Ko and Z. Sirkes, A comparison of Gulf Stream sea surface height fields derived from Geosat altimeter data and those derived from sea surface temperature data, J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 10, 76--87, 1993.

50
Forbes, C., K. Leaman, D. Olson and O. Brown, Eddy and wave dynamics in the South Atlantic as diagnosed from Geosat altimeter data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12297--12314, 1993.

51
Fu, L.-L., Recent progress in the application of satellite altimetry to observing the mesoscale variability and general circulation of the oceans, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21, 1657--1666, 1983.

52
Fu, L.-L. and V. Zlotnicki, Observing oceanic mesoscale eddies from Geosat altimetry: preliminary results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 457--460, 1989.

53
Fu, L.-L., J. Vazquez and M. E. Parke, Seasonal variability of the Gulf Stream from satellite altimetry. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 749--754, 1987.

54
Fu, L.-L., M. Lefebvre and E. Christensen, TOPEX/POSEIDON: The Ocean Topography Experiment, EOS Trans. AGU, 72(35), 369--373, 1991 a.

55
Fu, L.-L., J. Vazquez and C. Perigaud, Fitting dynamic models to the Geosat sea level observations in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Part 1: A free wave model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 798--809, 1991 b.

56
Fu, L.-L., I. Fukumori and R.N. Miller, Fitting dynamic models to the Geosat sea level observations in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Part 2: A linear, wind-driven model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2162--2181, 1993.

57
Fu, L.-L., E. J. Christensen, C. Yamarone, M. Lefebvre, Y. Menard, M. Dorrer and P. Escudier, 1994: TOPEX/POSEIDON Mission Overview, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24369--24381, 1994.

58
Fukumori, I. and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, An approximate Kalman filter for ocean data assimilation: a reduced-dimension, static, linearized Kalman filter, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1995 (in press).

59
Fukumori, I., J. Benveniste, C. Wunsch and D. Haidvogel, Assimilation of sea surface topography into an ocean circulation model using a steady-state smoother, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1831--1855, 1993.

60
Gaspar, P. and C. Wunsch, Estimates from Altimeter Data of Barotropic Rossby Waves in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr,. 19(12), 1821--1844, 1989.

61
Giese, B.S., J.A. Carton, and L.J. Holl, Sea level variability in the eastern tropical Pacific as observed by TOPEX and Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24739--24748, 1994.

62
Ghil, M. and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, Data Assimilation in Meteorology and Oceanography, Adv. Geophys., 33, 141--266, 1991.

63
Gille, S.T., Mean sea surface height of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from Geosat data: Method and Application, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18255--18273, 1994.

64
Glenn, S.M., D.L. Porter and A.R. Robinson, A Synthetic Geoid Validation of Geosat Mesoscale Dynamic Topography in the Gulf Stream Region, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7145--7166, 1991.

65
Gordon, A. and W. Haxby, Agulhas eddies invade the S. Atlantic: evidence from Geosat Altimeter and Shipboard Conductivity--Temperature--Depth Survey, J. Geophys. Res., 95 (C3), 3117--3126,1990

66
Gourdeau, L., S. Arnault, Y. Menard and J. Merle, Geosat Sea-level Assimilation in a Tropical Atlantic Model Using a Kalman Filter, Oceanologica Acta. 15(5), 567--574, 1992.

67
Greiner, E. and C. Perigaud, Assimilation of Geosat Altimetric Data in a Nonlinear Reduced-Gravity Model of the Indian Ocean. Part I: Adjoint Approach and Model-Data Consistency, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1783--1804, 1994.

68
Haines, B., G.H. Born and C.J. Koblinsky, An estimate of decadal changes in sea surface topography from Seasat and Geosat altimetry, in Sea Level Changes: Determination and Effects, Geophysical Monograph Vol. 69, IUGG Vol. 11, pp. 181--187, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 1992.

69
Haines, B.J., G.H. Born, R.G. Williamson and C.J.Koblinsky, Application of the GEM-T2 gravity field to altimetric satellite orbit computation, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16237--16254, 1994.

70
Haines, K., A Direct Method of Assimilating Sea Surface Height Data into Ocean Models with Adjustments to the Deep Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21(6), 843--868, 1991.

71
Hallock, Z.R. and W.J. Teague, Sea Surface Height Fluctuations Observed Simultaneously with Inverted Echo Sounders and Geosat, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C9), 16341--16350, 1993.

72
Hallock, Z.R., J.L. Mitchell and J.D. Thompson, Sea-Surface Topographic Variability Near the New England Seamounts: An Intercomparison Among In-Situ Observations, Numerical Simulations, and Geosat Altimeter from Regional Energetics Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8021--8028, 1989.

73
Hansen, D.V. and G.A. Maul, Anticyclonic Current Rings in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6965--6980, 1991.

74
Harangozo, S.A., P.L. Woodworth, R.H. Rapp and Y.M. Yang, A comparison of monthly mean sea level variability determined from Geosat altimetry and a global tide gauge dataset, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 14, 789--796, 1993.

75
Holland, W. and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, Assimilation of Altimeter Data into Ocean Circulation Model: Space Versus Time Resolution Studies, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19(10), 1507--1534, 1989.

76
Holland, W.R., V. Zlotnicki and L.-L. Fu, Modelled time dependent flow in the Agulhas retroflection region as deduced from altimeter data assimilation, S. African J. Marine Sci., 10, 407--427, 1991.

77
Horton, C.W., D.L. Porter, P.W. DeWitt and W.E. Rankin, Airborne Expendable Bathythermograph Survey of the Kuroshio Extension and Comparison with Simultaneous Altimeter Measurements During Geosat Exact Repeat Mission, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C5), 7447--7464, 1992.

78
Hurlburt, H.E., D.N. Fox and J.Metzger, Statistical inference of weakly correlated subthermocline fields from satellite altimeter data, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11375--11409, 1990.

79
Ichikawa, K. and S. Imawaki, Life history of a cyclonic ring detached from the Kuroshio Extension as seen by the Geosat altimeter, J. Geophy. Res., 99, 15953--15966, 1994.

80
Jacobs, G.A. and R.R. Leben, Loop Current Eddy Shedding Estimated Using Geosat Altimeter Data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17(12), 2385--2388, 1990.

81
Jacobs, G.A., G.H. Born, M.E. Parke and P.C. Allen, The Global Structure of the Annual and Semiannual Sea Surface Height Variability from Geosat Altimeter Data, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C11), 17813--17828, 1992.

82
Jacobs, G.A., W.J. Emery and G.H. Born, Rossby waves in the Pacific Ocean extracted from Geosat altimeter data, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1155--1175, 1993.

83
Jacobs, G.A., H.E. Hurlburt, J.C. Kindle, E.J. Metzger, J.L. Mitchell, W.J. Teague, and A.J. Wallcraft, Decade-scale trans-Pacific propagation and warming effects of an El Niño anomaly, Nature, 370 (6488), 360--363, 1994.

84
Johnson, D.R., J.D. Thompson and J.D. Hawkins, Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico from Geosat altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2201--2214, 1992 a.

85
Johnson, T.J., R.H. Stewart, C.K. Shum and B.D. Tapley, Distribution of Reynolds stress carried by mesoscale variability in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1201--1204, 1992 b.

86
Joyce, T.M., K.A. Kelly, D.M. Schubert and M.J. Caruso, Shipboard and Altimetric Studies of Rapid Gulf Stream Variability Between Cape Cod and Bermuda, Deep-Sea Res., 37, 897--910, 1990.

87
Kelly, K.A., The Meandering of the Gulf Stream as seen by the Geosat Altimeter: Surface Transport, Position and Velocity Variance from 73 deg to 46 deg W, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16721--16738, 1991.

88
Kelly, K.A. and S.T. Gille, Gulf Stream Surface Transport and Statistics at 69 W from the Geosat Altimeter, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 3149--3162, 1990.

89
Kelly, K.A. and D.R. Watts, Monitoring Gulf Stream transport by radar altimeter and inverted echo sounders, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1080--1084, 1994.

90
Kelly, K.A., T.M. Joyce, D.M. Schubert and M.J. Caruso, The Mean Sea Surface and Geoid along the Geosat Subtrack from Bermuda to Cape Cod, J. Geophys. Res., 96(C7), 12699--12709, 1991.

91
Kelly, K.A., M.J. Caruso and J.A. Austin, Wind-forced variations in sea surface height in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2392--2411, 1993.

92
Knudsen, P., Global low harmonic degree models of the seasonal variability and residual ocean tides from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24643--24655, 1994.

93
Koblinsky, C.J., Ocean topography and circulation, in Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change, edited by R.J. Gurney, J.L. Foster, and C.L. Parkinson, pp. 223--236. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 1993.

94
Koblinsky, C.J., R.S. Nerem, R.G. Williamson and S.M. Klosko, Global scale variations in sea surface topography determined from satellite altimetry, in Sea Level Changes: Determination and Effects, Geophysical Monograph Vol. 69, IUGG Vol. 11, pp. 155--165, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 1992.

95
Leben, R.R., G.H. Born, J.D. Thompson and C.A. Fox, Mean sea surface and variability of the Gulf of Mexico using Geosat altimetry data, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 20267--20285, 1990.

96
Le Traon, P.Y., Time scales of mesoscale variability and their relationship with space scales in the North Atlantic, J. Mar. Res., 49, 467--492, 1991.

97
Le Traon, P.Y., Comments on ``Mesoscale Variability in the Atlantic Ocean from Geosat Altimetry and WOCE High-Resolution Numerical Modelling,'' J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23(12), 2729--2732, 1993

98
Le Traon, P.-Y. and J.-F. Minster, Sea Level Variability and Semiannual Rossby Waves in the South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C7), 12315--12326, 1993.

99
Le Traon, P.Y., M.C. Rouquet and C. Boissier, Spatial Scales of Mesoscale Variability in the North Atlantic as Deduced from Geosat Data, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 20267--20286, 1990.

100
Lillibridge. J.L., R.E. Cheney and N.S. Doyle, The 1991--93 Los Niñ–os from ERS-1 altimetry, Proceedings Second ERS-1 Symposium, pp. 495--499, Hamburg, Germany, 1993.

101
Malarde, J.-P., P. De Mey, C. Perigaud and J.-F. Minster, Observations of Long Equatorial Waves in the Pacific Ocean by Seasat Altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 2273--2279, 1987.

102
Marsh, J., et al., A New Gravitational Model for the Earth from Satellite Tracking Data: GEM-T1, J. Geophys. Res., 93(B6), 6169--6215, 1988.

103
Marsh, J.G., et al., The GEM-T2 Gravitational Model, J. Geophys. Res., 95(B13), 22043--22070, 1990 a.

104
Marsh, J.G., et al., Dynamic Sea Surface Topography, Gravity, and Improved Orbit Accuracies from the Direct Evaluation of Seasat Altimeter Data, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C8), 13129--13150, 1990 b.

105
Martel, F. and C. Wunsch, Combined inversion of hydrography, current meter data and altimetric elevations for the North Atlantic circulation, Manuscripta Geodaetica, 18, 219--226, 1993.

106
Matano, R.P., M.G. Schlax and D.B. Chelton, Seasonal Variability in the Southwestern Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C10), 18027--18035, 1993.

107
Matthews, P.E., M.A. Johnson and J.J. O'Brien, Observations of Mesoscale Ocean Features in the Northeast Pacific using Geosat Radar Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C11), 17829--17840, 1992.

108
Maul, G., D.V. Hansen and N.J. Bravo, A note on sea level variability at Clipperton Island from Geosat and in-situ observations, in Sea Level Changes: Determination and Effects, Geophysical Monograph 69, IUGG Volume 11, pp. 145--154, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1992.

109
McAdoo, D.C. and K.M. Marks, Gravity fields of the Southern Ocean from Geosat data, J. Geophys. Res., 97 3247--3260, 1992.

110
Mellor, G.L. and T. Ezer, A Gulf Stream Model and an Altimetry Assimilation Scheme, J. Geophys. Res., 96 8779--8795, 1991.

111
Menard, Y., Observing the Seasonal Variability in the Tropical Atlantic from Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 93(C11) 13967--13978, 1988.

112
Mestas-Nunez, A.M., D.B. Chelton and R.A. DeSzoeke, Evidence of Time-Dependent Sverdrup Circulation in the South Pacific from Seasat Scatterometer and Altimeter, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22(8) 934--943, 1992.

113
Miller, L. and R. Cheney, Large-Scale Meridional Transport in the Tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1986--1987 El Niño from Geosat, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C10) 17905--17920, 1990.

114
Miller, L., R.E. Cheney and B.C. Douglas, Geosat Altimeter Observations of Kelvin Waves and the 1986--1987 El Niño, Science, 239 52--54, 1988.

115
Miller, R.N., Direct Assimilation of Altimetric Differences Using the Kalman Filter, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 13 317--333, 1989.

116
Mitchell, J.L., J.M. Dastugue, W.J. Teague and Z.R. Hallock, The Estimation of Geoid Profiles in the Northwest Atlantic from Simultaneous Satellite Altimetry and Airborne Expendable Bathythermograph Sections, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C10), 17965--17978, 1990.

117
Moore, A.M., Data assimilation in a quasi-geostrophic open ocean model of the Gulf Stream region using the adjoint method, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 398--427, 1991.

118
Morrow, R., J. Church, R. Coleman, D. Chelton and N. White, Eddy momentum flux and its contribution to the Southern Ocean momentum balance, Nature, 357, 482--484, 1992.

119
Morrow, R., R. Coleman, J. Church and D. Chelton, Surface eddy momentum flux and velocity variances in the Southern Ocean from Geosat altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2050--2071, 1994.

120
Musman, S., Sea height wave form in equatorial waves and its interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3303--3309, 1989.

121
Musman, S., Geosat Altimeter Observations of Long Waves in the Equatorial Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C3), 3573--3580, 1992.

122
Musman, S., A. Drew and B. Douglas, Ionospheric Effects on Geosat Altimeter Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 2965--2968, 1990.

123
Nerem, R.S., B.D. Tapley and C.-K. Shum, Determination of the Ocean Circulation using Geosat Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 3163--3180, 1990.

124
Nerem, R.S., E. Schrama, C. Koblinsky and B. Beckley, A preliminary evaluation of ocean topography from the TOPEX/POSEIDON Mission, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24565--24583, 1994.

125
Okkonen, S.R., The Shedding of an Anticyclonic Eddy from the Alaskan Stream as Observed by the Geosat Altimeter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19(24), 2397--2400, 1992.

126
Okkonen, S.R., Observations of topographic planetary waves in the Bering Slope Current using the Geosat altimeter, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22603--22613, 1993.

127
Pares-Sierra, A., W.B. White and C-K. Tai, Wind-driven coastal generation of annual mesoscale eddy activity in the California Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1110--1121, 1993.

128
Perigaud, C., Sea-Level Oscillations Observed with Geosat along Two Shear Fronts of the Pacific North Equatorial Counter Current, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C5), 7239--7248, 1990.

129
Perigaud, C. and P. Delecluse, Simulations of Dynamic Topography in the Northwestern Indian Ocean with Input of Seasat Altimeter and Scatterometer Data, Ocean-Air Interactions, 1, 289--309, 1989.

130
Perigaud, C. and P. Delecluse, Annual Sea Level Variations in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean from Geosat and Shallow Water Simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C12), 20169--20178, 1992.

131
Perigaud, C. and P. Delecluse, Interannual sea level variations in the Tropical Indian Ocean from Geosat and shallow water simulations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1916--1934, 1993.

132
Perigaud, C. and J.-F. Minster, Variability of the Somali Current as Observed from Seasat Altimetry, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18(1), 25--39, 1988.

133
Picaut, J., A.J. Busalacchi, M.J. McPhaden and B. Camusat, Validation of the Geostrophic Method for Estimating Zonal Currents at the Equator from Geosat Altimeter Data, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 3015--3024, 1990.

134
Porter, D.L., A.R. Robinson, S.M. Glenn and E.B. Dobson, The Synthetic Geoid and the Estimation of Mesoscale Absolute Topography from Altimeter Data, Technical Digest, 10(4), 369--379, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab., 1989.

135
Porter, D.L., E. Dobson and S. Glenn, Measurements of sea surface topography during SYNOP utilizing a Geosat synthetic geoid, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1847--1850, 1992.

136
Provost, C. and P.-Y. Le Traon, Spatial and Temporal Scales in Altimetric Variability in the Brazil-Malvinas Current Confluence Region: Dominance of the Semiannual Period and Large Spatial Scales, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C10), 18037--18051, 1993.

137
Qiu, B., Recirculation and Seasonal Change of the Kuroshio from Altimetry Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C11), 17801--17813, 1992.

138
Qiu, B., Determining the mean Gulf Stream and its recirculations through combining hydrographic and altimetric data, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 951--962, 1994.

139
Qiu, B. and K.A. Kelly, Upper-ocean heat balance in the Kuroshio Extension region, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2027--2041, 1993.

140
Qiu, B., K.A. Kelly and T.M. Joyce, Mean Flow and Variability in the Kuroshio Extension from Geosat Altimetry data, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18491--18507, 1991.

141
Quartly, G.D. and M.A. Srokosz, Seasonal variations in the region of the Agulhas retroflection: Studies with Geosat and FRAM, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 2107--2124, 1993.

142
Rapp, R.H., Geoid Undulation Accuracy, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 31(2), 365--370, 1993.

143
Rapp, R.H., and D.A. Smith, Preliminary estimates of Gulf Stream characteristics from TOPEX data and a precise gravimetric geoid, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24707--24723, 1994.

144
Rapp, R.H. and Y.M. Wang, Dynamic Topography Estimates Using Geosat Data and a Gravimetric Geoid in the Gulf Stream Region, Geophys. J. Int., 117, 511--528, 1994.

145
Robinson, A.R and L.J. Walstad, Altimetric data assimilation for ocean dynamics and forecasting, Technical Digest, 8, 267--271, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab., 1987.

146
Robinson, A.R., L.J. Walstad, J. Calman, E.B. Dobson, D.W. Denbo, S.M. Glenn, D.L. Porter and J. Goldhirsh, Frontal Signals East of Iceland from the Geosat Altimeter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 77--80, 1989.

147
Sandwell, D.T. and B. Zhang, Global Mesoscale Variability from the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission: Correlation with Ocean Depth, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17971--17984, 1989.

148
Schlax, M. G. and D. B. Chelton, Detecting aliased tidal errors in altimeter height measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12603--12612, 1994.

149
Schroter, J., U. Seiler and M. Wenzel, Variational Assimilation of Geosat Data into an Eddy-resolving Model of the Gulf Stream Extension Area, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 925--953, 1993.

150
Shum, C.-K., D.N. Yuan, J.C. Ries, J.C. Smith, B.E. Schutz and B.D. Tapley, Precision Orbit Determination for the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 2887--2898, 1990 a.

151
Shum, C.-K., R.A. Werner, D.T. Sandwell, B.H. Zhang, R.S. Nerem and B.D. Tapley, Variations of Global Mesoscale Eddy Energy Observed from Geosat, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C10), 17865--17876, 1990 b.

152
Smedstad, O.M. and D.N. Fox, Assimilation of Altimeter data in a two-layer primitive equation model of the Gulf Stream, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 305--325, 1994.

153
Stammer, D. and C.W. Boning, Mesoscale Variability in the Atlantic Ocean from Geosat Altimetry and WOCE High-Resolution Numerical Modelling, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22(7), 732--752, 1992.

154
Stammer, D. and C.W. Boning, Reply, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23(12), 2733--2735, 1993.

155
Stammer, D and C. Wunsch, Preliminary assessment of the accuracy and precision of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data with respect to the large-scale ocean circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24584--24604, 1994.

156
Stammer, D., H.H. Hinrichsen and R.H. Kase, Can Meddies be Detected by Satellite Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7005--7014, 1991.

157
Stewart, R.H., Methods of Satellite Oceanography, 360 pp., University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1985.

158
Tai, C.K., Estimating the Basin-Scale Circulation from Satellite Altimetry. Part 1 : Straightforward Spherical Harmonic Expansion, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18(10), 1398--1413, 1988.

159
Tai, C.-K., Estimating the Surface Transport of Meandering Oceanic Jet Streams from Satellite Altimetry: Surface Transport Estimates for the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20(6), 860--879, 1990.

160
Tai, C.-K. and W. White, Eddy Variability in the Kuroshio Extension as Revealed by Satellite Altimetry: Energy Propagation Away from the Jet, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 1761--1777, 1990.

161
Tai, C.-K., W.B. White and S.E. Pazan, Geosat Crossover Analysis in the Tropical Pacific 2 : Verification Analysis of Altimetric Sea Level Maps with Expendable Bathythermograph and Island Sea-Level data, J. Geophys. Res., 94(C1), 897--908, 1989.

162
Tapley, B.D., R.S. Nerem, C.K. Shum, J.C. Ries and D.N. Yuan, Determination of the General Ocean Circulation from a Joint Gravity Field Solution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1109--1112, 1988.

163
Tapley, B., C. Shum, J. Ries, R. Suter and B. Schutz, Monitoring of changes in global mean sea level using Geosat altimeter, in Sea Level Changes: Determination and Effects, Geophysical Monograph, 69, IUGG Vol. 11, pp. 167--180, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 1992.

164
Tapley, B.D., D.P. Chambers, C.K. Shum, R.J. Eanes, J.C. Ries, and R.H. Stewart, Accuracy assessment of the large-scale dynamic topography from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24605--24617, 1994.

165
Tokmakian, R.T. and P.G. Challenor, Observations in the Canary Basin and the Azores frontal region using Geosat data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4761--4773, 1993.

166
TOPEX Science Working Group, Satellite Altimetric Measurements of the Ocean, JPL Internal Doc. 400--111, 78 pp., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 1981.

167
TOPEX/POSEIDON Science Working Team, TOPEX/POSEIDON Science Investigations Plan, JPL Publication 91-27, 176 pp., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 1991.

168
van Woert, M.L. and J.M. Price, Geosat and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Observations of Oceanic and Planetary Waves Adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands, J. Geophys. Res., 98(C8), 14619--14650, 1993.

169
Vazquez, J., Observations on the long-period variability of the Gulf Stream downstream of Cape Hatteras, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20133--20147, 1993.

170
Vazquez, J., V. Zlotnicki and L.-L. Fu, Sea level variabilities in the Gulf Stream between Cape Hatteras and 50 W---A Geosat Study, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 17957--17964, 1990.

171
Verron, J., Altimeter Data Assimilation Into Ocean Model: Sensitivity to Orbital Parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11443--11459, 1990.

172
Verron, J., Nudging Satellite Altimeter Data into Quasi-Geostrophic Ocean Models, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C5), 7479--7492, 1992.

173
Verron, J., J.-M. Molines, and E. Blayo, Assimilation of Geosat Data into a Quasi-geostrophic Model of the North Atlantic between 20 and 50 N: Preliminary Results, Oceanologica Acta. 15(5), 575--583, 1992.

174
Visser, P.N.A.M., K.F. Wakker and B.A.C. Ambrosius, Dynamic Sea Surface Topography from GEOSAT Altimetry, Marine Geodesy, 16(3), 215--239, 1993.

175
Wagner, C.A. and R.E. Cheney, Global Sea Level Change from Satellite Altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 97(C10), 15607--15616, 1992.

176
Wagner, C.A. and C.K. Tai, Degradation of ocean signals in satellite altimetry due to orbit removal processes, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16255--16267, 1994.

177
Wakker, K.F., C.A. Zandbergen, M.C. Naeije and B.A. Ambrosius, Geosat Altimeter Data Analysis for the Oceans around South Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 2991--3006, 1990.

178
White, W.B., N. Graham and C.-K. Tai, Reflection of Annual Rossby Waves at the Maritime Western Boundary of the Tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 3101--3116, 1990 a.

179
White, W.B., C.-K. Tai and J. DiMento, Annual Rossby Wave Characteristics in The California Current Region from the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20(9), 1297--1311, 1990 b.

180
White, W.B., C.-K. Tai and W.R. Holland, Continuous Assimilation of Geosat Altimetric Sea Level Observations into a Numerical Synoptic Ocean Model of the California Current, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 3127--3148, 1990 c.

181
Willebrand, J., R.H. Kase, D. Stammer, H.-H. Hinrichsen and W. Krauss, Verification of the Geosat Altimeter Sea Surface Topography in the Gulf Stream Extension with Surface Drifting Buoys and Hydrographic Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 95(C3), 3007--3014, 1990.

182
Wunsch, C., Global-Scale Sea Surface Variability from Combined Altimetric and Tide Gauge Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15053--15082, 1991 a.

183
Wunsch, C., Large-scale response of the ocean to atmospheric forcing at low frequencies, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15083--15092, 1991 b.

184
Wunsch, C., Observing ocean circulation from space, Oceanus, 35 (2), 9--17, 1992.

185
Wunsch, C. and E.M. Gaposchkin, On Using Satellite Altimetry to Determine the General Circulation of the Oceans with Application to Geoid Improvement, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 18(4), 725--745, 1980.

186
Zlotnicki, V., Sea Level Differences Across the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21(4), 599--609, 1991.

187
Zlotnicki, V., L.-L. Fu and W. Patzert, Seasonal variability in global sea level observed with Geosat altimetry, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17959--17969, 1989.

188
Zlotnicki, V., G. Siedler and B. Klein, Can the Weak Surface Currents of the Cape Verde Frontal Zone Be Measured with Altimetry? J. Geophys. Res., 98(C2), 2485--2493, 1993.


U.S. National Report to IUGG, 1991-1994
Rev. Geophys. Vol. 33 Suppl., © 1995 American Geophysical Union