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Figure 1: Paleorecords show variability changing as climate changes. Calcium concentration (ppb) covering the period 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. Calcium serves as a measure of crustal dust loading; lower levels indicate less intense circulation over continental regions, changes in source area, or decreased aridity. Sample resolution is 2 years through the Holocene, a mean of 3.48 years within the Younger Dryas (YD) and Bø lling/Allerø d (BA), and 3 to 15 years during the Older Dryas (OD). After Mayewski et al., 1993.

 
Figure 2: Changing rates of turnover of tropical forest trees in Central and South America, Africa, and Australia. Turnover values from first (stippled) and second (hatched) inventory periods are shown as percentage turnover per year of trees with diameters of at least 10 cm. In some cases there were two sites very close together (represented by four bars). Change was insignificant at some sites (no bars). After Phillips and Gentry, 1994, and Pimm and Sugden, 1994.

 
Figure 3: Globally averaged surface air temperature change due to transient increases in CO in a coupled atmosphere-ocean model, for runs with 4xCO and 2xCO endpoints (increases compounded 1% per year increases of CO for 140 and 70 years, respectively) and the standard integration (S) (model run with no change in CO). After Manabe and Stouffer, 1993.