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Atmospheric Water Flux Divergence

Meteorologists are able to describe the large-scale patterns of atmospheric water vapor transport by the use of humidity and velocity profiles from radio-sondes. The scales of variability in the atmosphere are large compared to the ocean, so widely spaced station data may be sufficient. By taking the divergence of estimated horizontal fluxes, the transport into or out of the surface can be calculated. Rasmusson [1968, 1971] has used this technique to examine the hydrology of North America. Peixoto and Oort [1983] have developed a global climatology of surface water flux using the divergence calculations. While such data can provide general patterns, the lack of data over the oceans prevents the detection of features like the E-P maximum in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream, which is observed in the ship-based climatologies [ Schmitt, et al., 1989]. However, Walsh, Zhou and Portis [1994] have utilized radio-sondes from Ocean Weather Ships along with land stations from the high latitude Atlantic to examine the trends of surface water flux within a few regional boxes. The results appear to be significant and to agree with the seasonal cycle as given by climatology. However, a rather small number of weather ships remain in operation, so this technique can be applied in only a few areas.



U.S. National Report to IUGG, 1991-1994
Rev. Geophys. Vol. 33 Suppl., © 1995 American Geophysical Union